The USSR Academy of Sciences during the Thaw (1956–1964)

The article describes the most important research areas pursued by the USSR Academy
of Sciences, which gained a new momentum for their development largely due to the
transformation processes that occurred in the USSR after the dismantling of Stalin's
personality cult. The democratization of public life, the relaxation of censorship, the
release from imprisonment of a number of prominent scientists, and the restoration of
international scientific cooperation produced an impact on the organization of academic
science and on the individual institutions' activities. During this period, the important
results were obtained in the scientific exploration of space, particle physics, nuclear
physics, microelectronics, computer technologies, chemical synthesis, and the studies of molecular and genetic basis of life. A distinguishing feature of Soviet science of the time
was the fact that it involved a large part of society. Engaging in science was very
prestigious and allowed scientists to maintain a stable living standard. This is why both
very talented people and those of mediocre talent pursued scientific professions and
together they formed a scientific community that was self-sufficient and had a high degree
of self-esteem. Analysing the past, one must be aware that in any era - apart from its
bright, positive sides - science also has its shortcomings, mistakes and controversies,
which on the whole determines the qualitative specifics of a particular stage in its
development.